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WRKY transcription factor
The ‘’’WRKY transcription factor’’’ family (pronounced ‘worky’) is a class of DNA-binding proteins. WRKY transcription factors are primarily specific to plants and algae (Viridiplantae); although, individual WRKY proteins do appear in the human protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia and slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.〔Wu, Guo, Wang and Li (2005) The WRKY Family of Transcription Factors in Rice and Arabidopsis and Their Origins. DNA Research. 12(1). 9-26〕 These transcription factors recognize a (T/A)TGAC(T/A) cis-regulatory element, also known as a W-box, in the promoters of target genes. WRKY transcription factors play a major role in plant defense to abiotic and biotic stresses,〔Bakshi and Oelmüller (2014) WRKY transcription factors: Jack of many trades in plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior. 9(1). e27700〕 but also contribute to plant development and secondary metabolism.〔Schluttenhofer and Yuan (2014) Regulation of Specialized Metabolism by WRKY Transcription Factors. Plant Physiology. 〕 These roles are governed by an ever increasingly complex network of interactions with other DNA-binding and non-DNA-binding proteins.
==Structural Diversity==
WRKY transcription factors are denoted by a 60-70 amino acid WRKY protein domain composed of a conserved WRKYGQK motif and a zinc-finger region.〔Eulgem, Rushton, Robatzek and Somssich (2000) The WRKY superfamily of plant transcription factors. Trends in Plant Science. 5(5). 199-206〕 Based on the amino acid sequence WRKY transcription factors are classified into three major categories, group I, group II, and group III. Group I WRKY proteins are primarily denoted by the presence of two WRKY protein domains, whereas both groups II and III each possess only one domain. Group III WRKY proteins have a C2HC zinc finger instead of the C2H2 motif of group I and II factors. The structure of several plant WRKY domains has been elucidated using crystallography 〔Duan, Nan, Liang, Mao, Lu, et al. (2007) DNA binding mechanism revealed by high resolution crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY1 protein. Nucleic Acids Research. 35(4). 1145-1154〕 and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.〔Yamasaki, Kigawa, Inoue, Tateno, Yamasaki, et al. (2005) Solution Structure of an Arabidopsis WRKY DNA Binding Domain. The Plant Cell. 17(3). 944-956, Yamasaki, Kigawa, Watanabe, Inoue, Yamasaki, et al. (2012) Structural Basis for Sequence-specific DNA Recognition by an Arabidopsis WRKY Transcription Factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287(10). 7683-7691〕
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